SUPARCO continuously monitors smog, fog, and aerosol loading over Pakistan using daily satellite observations, which play a critical role in understanding air quality patterns and their seasonal variations. These satellite-based observations enable consistent, large-scale monitoring of atmospheric pollution, especially during winter months when smog episodes intensify. To ensure transparency and accessibility, these datasets are made publicly available through the Space4Climate web portal, allowing researchers, policymakers, environmental planners, and the general public to access timely and reliable atmospheric information for analysis, planning, and informed decision-making.
A comparative analysis of satellite imagery acquired during late December 2025 and mid-January 2026 reveals a clear and concerning progression in smog conditions over Pakistan and the adjoining Indo-Gangetic Plain. During December, the spatial distribution and intensity of smog show noticeable variability. Some regions exhibit relatively reduced smog coverage, likely influenced by intermittent weather changes such as wind flow or weak precipitation. However, persistent pockets of dense haze remain evident, particularly over central and eastern Punjab, as well as across the eastern border, indicating continued emissions from urban activity, industrial sources, and agricultural practices.
By mid to late January, satellite observations indicate a significant deterioration in air quality. Dense and widespread smog blankets large areas of Punjab, extending further into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and parts of Sindh. This expansion reflects peak winter pollution conditions, driven by increased emissions, temperature inversions, low wind speeds, and stagnant meteorological conditions that trap pollutants near the surface. The observed escalation highlights the cumulative impact of prolonged emission sources combined with unfavorable winter weather, underscoring the need for sustained monitoring and data-driven mitigation strategies.
